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2008高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-V

1、valuable, valued

这两个形容词有时侯可以换用,尤其是在形容友谊、援助等方面表示"宝贵的或珍贵的"的意思时,常可以通用。例如:this valuable (or: valued) friendship between us should be kept on forever. 我们之间的这种珍贵的友谊应当永远保持下去。he is our valuable (or: valued) friend. 他是我们的挚友。

valuable是一个纯形容词,它主要指珠宝、黄金等"贵重的,值钱的";它也可用来形容人的品质或特征等是"令人钦佩的"或"受人尊重的"的意思。例如:he lost a valuable diamond.他丢失了一颗贵重的钻石。she is the most valuable player.她是一位最受尊敬的运动员。

valued尽管也被有的词典收录为形容词,但它是动词value的过去分词形式,多少还带有些过去分词完成或被动的含义。因此,它的主要意义是指"已有评价的,经估价的"和"受重视的,受敬重的"。例如:this is a painting valued at ten thousand dollars.这是一幅估价一万的画。rents were refused above the "valued rent" scale.超过"评定租金"等级的租金被拒绝缴纳。the friendship of the two countries was old and valued.两国间的友谊历史悠久并受到珍视。  

2、varied, various, variable

这三个形容词的词义互相渗透,它们之间的含义和用法有同有异,因此,往往容易混淆。 varied和various都可以指同一范畴的不同种类,在表示"各种各样,各不相同的"意思时,一般可以换用,只是前者侧重于"不同"的含义,后者则侧重于种类数目的"多"。

various作定语时,其后只能接复数名词;而varied还有"形形色色,多变化的"的意思,这时它既可接单数名词亦可接复数名词。试比较:their opinions are varied. 他们的意见纷纭。(可用various换之,但varied强调了意见的"不同")representatives from various parts of the countryhave arrived in beijing. 全国各地的代表到达了北京。(可用varied代替,但various强调了地区的数目)various people declared they had seen the lost child, but few could give a definite description of him.很多人自称看见了那个失踪的孩子,但很少人能说清楚他的样子。(此句various"多"的数目概念更显然,不可用varied代替)the various life made her satisfied.那种丰富多彩的生活令她心满意足。the work of a jp (justice of the peace) is very interesting and varied.治安官的工作是非常有趣和内容多变的。

variable指自然现象(如气候等),人的情绪或脾气性格"多变的,易变的"或"反复无常的"。它还有"可变的(able to be changed)"的意思。必须注意,形容词varied有一种"改变了的,更改了的(having been changed) "的意思,显然有完成了的意味,因此决不可与variable混淆。

在古英语中,various也有"易变的(easy to be changed)"的意思。试比较:the variable weather tires us.多变的天气使人感到讨厌。her variable mood greatly surprised me.她反复无常的情绪使我感到极为吃惊。the speed of the windscreen wipers is variable.汽车挡风玻璃上刮水器的速度是可变的。our plan is varied.我们的计划更改了。  

3、vary in, vary with, vary from

这三个短语动词中的in, with和from均为介词,其后须跟名词作宾语。由于动词vary后的介词不同,各短语的含义也有别。介词in, with,和from与其前的动词连系并不密切。

vary in中的in表示方面,即"在……方面"的含义,整个短语表示"在……方面不同"的意思。例如:stars vary in brightness.星星的光亮度各不相同。the two pairs of clothes vary in price.这两套衣服在价格上是不同的。

vary with中的with表示伴随,整个短语表示"随……不同而不同,随……而改变"的意思。例如:the weight of a body varies with latitude and altitude, its mass does not.物体的重量随所处的经纬度而变化,而质量则与此无关。the prices of some goods vary with the season.某些货物的价格随着季节而变化。

vary from中的from表示比较,整个短语表示"与……不同,违反"的意思,有比较的意味。例如:it varies from the original.它与原作不同。this action varies from the law of nature.这种做法违反了自然规律。  

4、visit, visit with

visit作及物动词用时,其后跟人,地方等名词作宾语,表示"访问,看望(某人),参观(某地)"的意思。间或用于被动语态,表示"遭受"的意思。例如:her two girl cousins are visiting her from san francisco.她的两个表姐将从旧金山来看望她。he visited, in all, five schools in china.他在中国共参观了五所学校。last year guangzhou was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.去年广州遭受了六十年不遇的特大旱灾。

visit with中的visit是不及物动词,同介词with一起构成及物动词词组。它有两个意思:1."访问,看望",等于及物动词visit;2."与……叙谈,与……聊天",相当于chat with或talk with,其with后只可接表示人的名词。visit with的这两种意义都见于美国。例如:the doctor regularly visited with her in the afternoon.大夫定期在下午来看望她。after going over the art exhibition, we visited with a painter for a while.参观了艺术展览会后,我们和一位画家交谈了一会儿。

5、very, much, most

它们作副词时,都用来表示程度,作"非常,很"解。

very用来修饰形容词和副词,应置于被修饰词之前。 much用来修饰动词,一般置于句末,但在否定句中及与某些动词如:enjoy, prefer, admire, regret等连用时,也可置于动词前。如:i am very fond of painting and i am very active in our school's art club.我很喜欢画画,并且积极参加学校的艺术俱乐部。he has learnt the language very quickly.他学习语言十分快。the naughty boy troubles me much.这个淘气的男孩老是烦我。i don't much like the idea.我并不十分赞成这个主意。i much admire your new invention.我非常欣赏你的新发明。

very常用来修饰现在分词,much 常用来修饰过去分词。但有些过去分词如delighted, disappointed, excited, frightened, interested, pleased, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried 等,已转化为纯粹的形容词,失去了动作意义,这一类完全形容词化的过去分词均可用very修饰。例如:the puppy looks very pleasing.这小狗看上去很可爱。we are much puzzled at the result.我们对结果十分惊奇。are you very disappointed about losing the race?你是否对在比赛中失利很失望?

very只能修饰形容词与副词的原级,而much可修饰形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。例如:i paid much more than i should.我付的钱比我应付的钱要多得多。that novel is much the best of all.那本小说是所有小说中最好的。

very much是much的加强语,其用法与much相同,但在疑问句中多用much,不用very much。例如:we were very much moved.我们被深深地感动了。we very much enjoyed that concert.我们非常喜欢那场音乐会。do you go out much?你经常外出吗?did she like that film much?她是否非常喜欢那部电影?

very不能修饰只作表语的形容词,如:afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake等。这些表语形容词中的有些词可用much修饰,另一些则须和其他几个固定的副词搭配使用。例如:i'm much afraid that you have given her too little care.我恐怕你给她的关心太少了。i'm fully awake now.我现在完全醒了。he is all alone here.他在这里独来独往。 

most可用在部分形容词及副词前表示"非常,很",作此意义的most前不能加定冠词the。但当most修饰形容词时,前面可以有不定冠词a。例如:they have been most kind to me.他们一直对我很好。(most修饰形容词时)she is a most beautiful woman.她是一个十分漂亮的女人。(most前可加不定冠词)she'll most probably go there and live with her son.她很可能去那儿和她的儿子一起住。(most修饰副词)

注意:most并不能修饰所有的形容词与副词,它只能修饰那些表达个人感情与主观看法的形容词与副词,不能修饰表示客观看法的形容词与副词。如可说most dangerous, most happy, most warmly,不可说most big, most tall, most quickly。  

6、vague, ambiguous, obscure

这一组词均含有"模糊,笼统"之意。

vague:"不清楚的,含糊的,模糊的",由于光线暗淡而造成轮廓不清;指事物过于笼统无法表述清楚,用来描述故意被人说得模棱两可的事物。i have not the vaguest notion of where i left my umbrella.我丝毫想不起把雨伞放在哪儿了。he saw the vague shape of someone coming through the mist.他看见一个模糊的身影正从雾中走来。because of his strong accent, his speech is vague and hard for me to understand.由于他强烈的地方口音,他的演讲对我来说非常模糊难懂。she's so vague that i can never understand what she's trying to say.她这样含糊其词,我根本弄不清她究竟想说什么。

ambiguous:"含糊的,模棱两可的",指对同一表达方式有两种或两种以上的解释,但无法推断是其中的哪一种。the sentence is ambiguous in sense, which makes the whole paragraph hard to understand.这个句子的意思模棱两可,这使得整个段落都令人费解。he kept making ambiguous remarks instead of straight forward yes-or-no replies.他那模棱两可的回答使我们无法确定其真正意见。the ambiguous reply enabled him to say either "yes"or "no "without making himself embarrassed.这模棱两可的答复使他无论答"是"还是说"否"都不会受窘。

obscure:"含糊的,不清楚的,朦胧的",指物体或观点不清楚,不明确,往往难以理解或无法看清。i haven't the slightest idea of what he means because his explanation is obscure to me.我丝毫不知道他想说什么,因为他的解释对我来说不够清楚。there's more obscure poems written and printed every year than clear ones.每年写出和印出的诗歌,晦涩的远比明晰的多。translating an obscure piece of writing is even more painstaking than writing it directly.翻译一篇晦涩的作品要比直接写一篇更费苦心。